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Geologic units in Somerset county, New Jersey

Boonton Formation (Lower Jurassic) at surface, covers 1 % of this area

Boonton Formation (Olsen, 1980) - Reddish-brown to brownish-purple, fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone; sandstone commonly micaceous, interbedded with siltstone and mudstone in fining-upward sequences mostly 1.5 to 4 m (5-13 ft) thick. Red, gray and brownish-purple siltstone and black, blocky, partly dolomitic siltstone and shale common in lower part. Irregular mudcracks, symmetrical ripple marks, and burrows, as well as gypsum, glauberite, and halite pseudomorphs are abundant in red mudstone and siltstone. Gray, fine-grained sandstone may have carbonized plant remains and reptile footprints in middle and upper parts of unit. Near Morristown, beds of quartz-pebble conglomerate (unit Jbcq) as much as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) thick interfinger with beds of sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Northeast of Boonton, beds of quartz-pebble conglomerate (not mapped separately as Jbcq) occur locally with conglomerate containing abundant clasts of gneiss and granite in matrix of reddish-brown sandstone and siltstone. Maximum thickness is about 500 m (1,640 ft).

Lithology: sandstone; siltstone; mudstone; shale; conglomerate; evaporite

Amphibolite (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Amphibolite - Gray- to grayish-black, medium-grained amphibolite composed of hornblende and andesine. Some phases contain biotite and (or) clinopyroxene. Ubiquitous and associated with almost all other Middle Proterozoic units. Some amphibolite is clearly metavolcanic in origin, some is metasedimentary, and some appears to be metagabbro.

Lithology: amphibolite

Passaic Formation gray bed (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic) at surface, covers 3 % of this area

Passaic Formation gray bed - Upper Triassic gray lake deposits (Trpg) consist of gray to black silty mudstone, gray and greenish- to purplish-gray argillaceous siltstone, black shale, and medium- to dark-gray, argillaceous, fine-grained sandstone and are abundant in the lower half of the Passaic Formation. Gray lakebeds occur in groups of two to five cycles although they also occur as single cycles in some parts of the formation. Several lakebed sequences consisting of one or two thick groups of drab-colored beds as much as 30 m (98 ft) thick or more can be traced over tens of kilometers. Many gray-bed sequences are locally correlated within fault blocks; some can be correlated across major faults or intrusive rock units. Thickness of the (entire Passaic) formation between Sourland Mountain and Sand Brook syncline is about 3,500 m (11,483 ft).

Lithology: fine-grained mixed clastic; siltstone; black shale; sandstone

Passaic Formation (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic) at surface, covers 62 % of this area

Passaic Formation - Predominantly red beds consisting of argillaceous siltstone; silty mudstone; argillaceous, very fine grained sandstone; and shale; mostly reddish-brown to brownish-purple, and grayish-red. Red beds occur typically in 3- to 7-m (10- to 23-ft-)-thick, cyclic playa-lake-mudflat sequences and fining-upward fluvial sequences. Lamination is commonly indistinct due to burrowing, desiccation, and paleosol formation. Where layering is preserved, most bedforms are wavy parallel lamination and trough and climbing-ripple cross lamination. Calcite- or dolomite-filled vugs and flattened cavities, mostly 0.5 to 0.2 mm (0.02-0.08 in) across, occur mostly in the lower half. Sand-filled burrows, 2 to 5 mm (0.08-0.2 in) in diameter, are prevalent in the upper two-thirds of the unit. Desiccation cracks, intraformational breccias, and curled silt laminae are abundant in the lower half. Lake cycles, mostly 2 to 5 m (7-16 ft) thick, have a basal, greenish-gray, argillaceous siltstone; a medial, dark-gray to black, pyritic, carbonaceous, fossiliferous, and, in places, calcareous lake-bottom fissile mudstone or siltstone; and an upper thick-bedded, gray to reddish and purplish-gray argillaceous siltstone with desiccation cracks, intraformational breccias, burrows, and mineralized vugs. Thickness of the formation between Sourland Mountain and Sand Brook syncline is about 3,500 m (11,483 ft).

Lithology: siltstone; sandstone; shale

Lockatong Formation (Upper Triassic) at surface, covers 2 % of this area

Lockatong Formation - Predominantly cyclic lacustrine sequences of silty, dolomitic or analcime-bearing argillite; laminated mudstone; silty to calcareous, argillaceous very fine grained sandstone and pyritic siltstone; and minor silty limestone, mostly light- to dark-gray, greenishgray, and black. Grayish-red, grayish-purple, and dark-brownish-red sequences (Trlr) occur in some places, especially in upper half. Two types of cycles are recognized: freshwater-lake (detrital) and alkaline-lake (chemical) cycles. Freshwater-lake cycles average 5.2 m (17 ft) thick. They consist of basal, transgressive, fluvial to lake-margin deposits that are argillaceous, very fine grained sandstone to coarse siltstone with indistinct lamination, planar or cross lamination, or are disrupted by convolute bedding, desiccation cracks, root casts, soil-ped casts, and tubes. Medial lake-bottom deposits are laminated siltstones, silty mudstones, or silty limestones that are dark gray to black with calcite laminae and grains and lenses, or streaks of pyrite; fossils are common, including fish scales and articulated fish, conchostracans, plants, spores, and pollen. Upper regressive lake margin, playa lake, and mudflat deposits are light- to dark-gray silty mudstone to argillitic siltstone or very fine grained sandstone, mostly thick bedded to massive, with desiccation cracks, intraformational breccias, faint wavy laminations, burrows, euhedral pyrite grains, and dolomite or calcite specks. Alkaline-lake cycles are similar to freshwater-lake cycles, but are thinner, averaging 3 m (10 ft), have fewer fossils (mainly conchostracans), and commonly have red beds, extensive desiccation features, and abundant analcime and dolomite specks in the upper parts of cycles. Thickness near Byram is about 1,070 m (3,510 ft). The formation thins to the southeast and northeast; thickness near Princeton is less than 700 m (2,297 ft).

Lithology: argillite; mudstone; sandstone; siltstone; limestone

Passaic Formation Quatzite-clast Conglomerate facies (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic) at surface, covers 0.9 % of this area

Passaic Formation Quartzite-clast Conglomerate facies - Quartzite conglomerate unit (JTrpcq) is reddish-brown pebble conglomerate, pebbly sandstone, and sandstone, in upward-fining sequences 1 to 2 m (3-6 ft) thick. Clasts are subangular to subrounded, quartz and quartzite in sandstone matrix. Sandstone is medium to coarse grained, feldspathic (up to 20 percent feldspar), and locally contains pebble and cobble layers. Conglomerate thickness exceeds 850 m (2,790 ft).

Lithology: conglomerate; sandstone

Pyroxene Gneiss (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Pyroxene Gneiss - White- to tan-weathering, greenish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, well-layered gneiss containing oligoclase, clinopyroxene, variable amounts of quartz, and trace amounts of opaque minerals and titanite. Some phases contain scapolite and calcite. Commonly interlayered with pyroxene amphibolite or marble.

Lithology: paragneiss; amphibolite; marble

Leithsville Formation (Middle and Lower Cambrian) at surface, covers 0.3 % of this area

Leithsville Formation (Middle and Lower Cambrian) (Wherry, 1909) - Light- to dark-gray and lightolive-gray, fine- to medium-grained, thin- to medium-bedded dolomite. Grades downward through medium-gray, grayish-yellow, or pinkish-gray dolomite and dolomitic sandstone, siltstone and shale to medium-gray, medium-grained, medium-bedded dolomite containing quartz sand grains as stringers and lenses near the base. Lower contact gradational. Thickness ranges from 0 to 56 m (0-185 ft) due to erosion.

Lithology: dolostone (dolomite); shale; siltstone; sandstone

Feltville Formation (Lower Jurassic) at surface, covers 3 % of this area

Feltville Formation - Mostly fine-grained, feldspathic sandstone, coarse siltstone, and silty mudstone, brownish-red to light-grayish-red. Fine-grained sandstone is moderately well sorted, cross laminated, and contains 15 percent or more feldspar; interbedded with mudstone, indistinctly laminated, bioturbated, and calcareous in places. A thin bed (0-2 m (0-7 ft) thick) of black, microlaminated carbonaceous limestone and gray calcareous mudstone occurs near the base and contains fish and plant fossils, and thermally mature hydrocarbons. Thickness of unit in the Sand Brook syncline is about 155 m (509 ft).

Lithology: siltstone; sandstone; fine-grained mixed clastic; mudstone; limestone

Allentown Dolomite (Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian) (Wherry, 1909) (Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Allentown Dolomite (Lowest Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian) (Wherry, 1909) - Medium- to very light gray, fine- to medium-grained, very thin to very thick bedded dolomite containing minor orthoquartzite and shale. Oolites and algal stromatolites occur throughout unit. Shaly dolomite increases downward towards lower conformable contact with the Leithsville Formation. Unit does not crop out but is known from subsurface borings near Flanders (Volkert and others, 1990). Thickness ranges from 0 to 73 m (0-240 ft) due to erosion.

Lithology: dolostone (dolomite); orthoquartzite; shale

Towaco Formation (Lower Jurassic) at surface, covers 4 % of this area

Towaco Formation (Olsen, 1980) - Reddish-brown to brownish-purple, fine- to medium-grained micaceous sandstone, siltstone, and silty mudstone in upward-fining sequences 1 to 3 m (3-10 ft) thick. Distributed throughout formation are eight or more sequences of gray to greenish- or brownish-gray, fine-grained sandstone, siltstone and calcareous siltstone and black, microlaminated calcareous siltstone and mudstone containing diagnostic pollen, fish and dinosaur tracks. Sandstone is commonly trough cross laminated; siltstone is commonly planar laminated or bioturbated, but can be indistinctly laminated to massive. Thermally metamorphosed into hornfels where in contact with Hook Mountain Basalt. Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone with subrounded quartzite and quartz clasts in matrix of light-red sand to brownish-red silt (Jtc) interfingers with rocks of the Towaco Formation north and west of New Vernon. Maximum thickness is about 380 m (1,250 ft).

Lithology: sandstone; siltstone; fine-grained mixed clastic; conglomerate

Passaic Formation Conglomerate and Sandstone facies (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic) at surface, covers 2 % of this area

Passaic Formation Conglomerate and Sandstone facies - Conglomeratic sandstone (JTrpsc) is brownish-red pebble conglomerate, medium- to coarse-grained, feldspathic sandstone and micaceous siltstone; unit is planar to low-angle trough cross laminated, burrowed, and contains local pebble layers. Unit forms upward-fining sequences 0.5 to 2.5 m (1.6-8 ft) thick. Conglomeratic sandstone thickness exceeds 800 m (2,625 ft).

Lithology: conglomerate; sandstone; siltstone

Jutland Klippe Sequence Unit B (Middle Ordovician) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Jutland Klippe Sequence Unit B of Perissoratis and others (1979) - Heterogeneous sequence of interbedded red, green, tan and gray shale; interlaminated dolomite and shale; interbedded fine-grained graywacke siltstone and beds or lenses of sandstone; light-gray to pale-pinkish-gray quartzite; and interbedded fine-grained, thin-bedded limestone and red and green shale. Limestone locally resembles an intraformational conglomerate because it is disrupted, boudinaged, and surrounded by shale beds. Lower contact gradational and within interbedded sequence of thin- to medium-bedded sandstone, siltstone, and limestone. Perissoratis and others (1979) placed this contact at boundary between graptolite faunas Isograptus caduceus and Paraglossograptus etheridgei of Berry (1968). The youngest graptolites occur within Climacograptus bicornis zone of Berry (1968). Some shale beds contain conodonts (Ethington and others, 1958; Karklins and Repetski, 1989) and brachiopod fragments. Carbonate and pelitic rocks locally contain conodonts of Prioniodus triangularis to Pygodus anserinus faunas of North Atlantic Realm. Thickness varies due to structural complexity, but may be about 460 to 550 m (1,500-1,800 ft).

Lithology: shale; dolostone (dolomite); siltstone; sandstone; quartzite; limestone

Microperthite Alaskite (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Microperthite Alaskite - Pink- to buff-weathering, light-pinkish-gray or pinkish-white, medium- to coarse-grained, gneissoid to indistinctly foliated granite composed principally of microcline microperthite, quartz and oligoclase. Includes small bodies of amphibolite not shown on map.

Lithology: granite; amphibolite

Quartz-Oligoclase Gneiss (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers 0.7 % of this area

Quartz-Oligoclase Gneiss - White-weathering, light-greenish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, moderately layered to indistinctly foliated gneiss and lesser amounts of granofels composed of quartz, oligoclase or andesine, and, locally, biotite, hornblende and (or) clinopyroxene. Contains thin amphibolite layers.

Lithology: gneiss; granofels; amphibolite

Potassic Feldspar Gneiss (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Potassic Feldspar Gneiss - Light-gray- to pinkish-buff-weathering, pinkish-white to light-pinkish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, moderately foliated gneiss and lesser amounts of granofels composed of quartz, microcline, microcline microperthite and local accessory amounts of biotite, garnet, sillimanite, and opaque minerals.

Lithology: paragneiss; granofels

Passaic Formation Mudstone facies (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic) at surface, covers 1 % of this area

Passaic Formation Mudstone facies - Sandy mudstone (JTrpms) is reddish-brown to brownish-red, massive, silty to sandy mudstone and siltstone, which are bioturbated, ripple cross-laminated and interbedded with lenticular sandstone. To southwest where similar lithologic units also occur, they have not been mapped separately, but have been included in undivided unit JTrp.

Lithology: fine-grained mixed clastic; siltstone; sandstone

Orange Mountain Basalt (Lower Jurassic) at surface, covers 4 % of this area

Orange Mountain Basalt - Basalt, fine-grained to aphanitic, dark-greenish-gray, composed mostly of calcic plagioclase and augite; crystals smaller than 1 mm (0.04 in). Unit consists of three major tholeiitic lava-flow sequences, each about 80 m (262 ft) thick. Lowest flow is generally massive with widely spaced curvilinear joints; middle flow is massive or has columnar joints; lower part of uppermost flow has pillow structures and upper part has pahoehoe flow structures. Thickness in map area is about 160 m (525 ft).

Lithology: basalt

Preakness Basalt (Lower Jurassic) at surface, covers 0.2 % of this area

Preakness Basalt - A thin, 2 to 8 m (6.6-26 ft) bed of siltstone (Jps) separates the lower flows.

Lithology: siltstone

Hardyston Quartzite (Lower Cambrian) at surface, covers 0.2 % of this area

Hardyston Quartzite (Lower Cambrian) (Wolff and Brooks, 1898) - Light- to medium-gray and bluish-gray conglomeratic sandstone. Varies from pebble conglomerate, to fine-grained, well-cemented quartzite, to arkosic or dolomitic sandstone. Conglomerate contains subangular to subrounded white quartz pebbles up to 2.5 cm (1 in.). Lower contact unconformable. About 0 to 9 m (1-30 ft) thick.

Lithology: quartzite; conglomerate; sandstone

Hook Mt. Basalt (Lower Jurassic) at surface, covers 0.9 % of this area

Hook Mt. Basalt (Olsen, 1980) - Light- to dark-greenish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, amygdaloidal basalt composed of plagioclase (typically An65 and commonly porphyritic), clinopyroxene (augite and pigeonite), and iron-titanium oxides such as magnetite and ilmenite. Locally contains small spherical to tubular cavities (gas-escape vesicles), some filled by zeolite minerals or calcite. Consists of two major flows. Base of lowest flow is intensely vesicular. Tops of flows are weathered and vesicular. Maximum thickness is about 110 m (360 ft) (Olsen and others, 1989).

Lithology: basalt

Passaic Formation Limestone-clast Conglomerate facies (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Passaic Formation Limestone-clast Conglomerate facies - Limestone conglomerate unit (JTrpcl) is medium-bedded to massive, pebble to boulder conglomerate. Clasts are subangular dolomitic limestone in matrix of brownish- to purplish-red sandstone to mudstone; matrix weathers light-gray to white near faults. Maximum thickness unknown.

Lithology: conglomerate; limestone; sandstone; mudstone

Hypersthene-Quartz-Oligoclase Gneiss (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Hypersthene-Quartz-Oligoclase Gneiss - Gray- to tan-weathering, greenish-gray to greenish-brown, medium-grained, moderately well layered and foliated, greasy-lustered gneiss of charnockitic affinity composed of andesine or oligoclase, quartz, clinopyroxene, hornblende, hypersthene, and sparse amounts of biotite. Commonly interlayered with amphibolite and mafic-rich quartz-plagioclase gneiss.

Lithology: gneiss; amphibolite

Magothy Formation (Upper Cretaceous, middle and lower Santonian) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Magothy Formation - Sand, fine- to coarsegrained, locally very gravelly (pebbles less than 1.3 cm (0.5 in) in diameter) especially in updip areas, typically cross stratified, massive, horizontally bedded, light-gray to white, carbonized wood (several centimeters long) and colorless mica scattered throughout. Black to dark-gray, very carbonaceous clay is locally interstratified with the sand. No calcareous fossils were recovered from the Magothy Formation in the shallow subsurface. In the Freehold drillhole the thin basal bed of the Magothy is composed of quartz gravel (maximum clast diameter, about 2.5 cm (1 in)). The lower part of the formation above the gravel consists of thin-bedded white clay interbedded with fine- to coarse-grained, poorly sorted, thickbedded, light-colored, somewhat micaceous quartz sand. The interbedded clay becomes dark gray up section and the sand is slightly glauconitic and locally shelly. Quartz is the major sand mineral. Siliceous rock fragments, mica, and feldspar are minor constituents. In general, this formation appears to be fluvial near the base (upper delta plain) and gradually becomes more marine upward (shelf). The overall sedimentologic pattern suggests a net transgression during deposition of the Magothy with shelf deposits overriding a nonmarine (probably deltaic) facies. Downdip at Buena, Atlantic County, the Magothy is 22 m (72 ft) thick and is primarily a massive to finely laminated, dark-gray, woody clay-silt. Unit is as much as 55 m (180 ft) thick in the northern part of the central sheet and generally thins to the southwest. The age of the Magothy is best defined by pollen. Christopher (1979) placed this palynoflora in his Zone V of early and late Santonian age. He also recognized three assemblage zones within Zone V, the Complexiopollis exiqua-Santalacites minor Zone (lowest), the ?Pseudoplicapollis longiannulata-Plicapollis incisa Zone (middle), and the ?Pseudoplicapollis cuneata-Semioculopollis verrucosa Zone (highest). All three zones are present in the Magothy in New Jersey. The foraminifera Marginotruncana marginata and Rosita fornicata were collected from the Island Beach corehole at 550 m (1804 ft) and are indicative of the Dicarinella asymmetrica Zone. Because of the overall character of the foram assemblage it is probable that these fossils indicate a late Santonian rather than early Campanian age (H.J. Dowsett, written commun., 1992). The Magothy, therefore, is Santonian or older in age.

Lithology: sand; clay or mud; gravel

Diorite (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Diorite - Gray- to tan-weathering, greenish-gray to brownish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, greasy-lustered, massive diorite containing andesine or oligoclase, clinopyroxene, hornblende, hypersthene, and sparse amounts of biotite and magnetite. Amphibolite layers common.

Lithology: diorite; amphibolite

Preakness Basalt (Lower Jurassic) at surface, covers 8 % of this area

Preakness Basalt - Basalt, coarse-crystalline, very dark greenish gray to black. Texture is subophitic; plagioclase and augite crystals are nearly equal in size; no fine-grained groundmass. Plagioclase (An55-60) is subhedral, mostly 0.2 to 0.3 mm (0.008-0.012 in) long, with a few crystals up to 2 mm (0.08 in) long. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene grains are equant, mostly anhedral, 0.3 mm (0.012 in) average diameter. Iron-titanium oxides are mostly interstitial, 0.2 to 0.5 mm (0.008-0.02 in) in diameter. Thickness of unit is unknown in Sand Brook syncline.

Lithology: basalt

Diabase (Jurassic) at surface, covers 2 % of this area

Diabase - Concordant to discordant, predominantly sheet-like intrusions of medium- to fine-grained diabase and dikes of fine-grained diabase; dark-greenish-gray to black; subophitic texture. Dense, hard, sparsely fractured rock composed mostly of plagioclase (An50-70), clinopyroxene (mostly augite), and magnetite-ilmenite. Orthopyroxene (En75-80) is locally abundant in the lower part of the sheets. Accessory minerals include apatite, quartz, alkali feldspar, hornblende, sphene, zircon, and rare olivine. Diabase in the map area was derived primarily from high-titanium, quartz-tholeiite magma. Sedimentary rocks within about 300 m (984 ft) above and 200 m (656 ft) below major diabase sheets are thermally metamorphosed. Red mudstone is typically altered to indurated, bluish-gray hornfels with clots or crystals of tourmaline or cordierite. Gray argillitic siltstone is typically altered to brittle, black, very fine grained hornfels. Sills are 365 to 400 m (1,197-1,312 ft) thick. Dikes range in thickness from 3 to 10 m (10-33 ft) and are many kilometers long.

Lithology: diabase

Biotite-Quartz-Feldspar Gneiss (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers 0.1 % of this area

Biotite-Quartz-Feldspar Gneiss - Gray-weathering, locally rusty, gray to tan or greenish-gray, fine- to medium-coarse-grained, moderately layered and foliated gneiss that is variable in texture and composition. Composed of oligoclase, microcline microperthite, quartz, and biotite. Locally contains garnet, graphite, sillimanite, and opaque minerals.

Lithology: paragneiss

Hornblende Granite (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers 4 % of this area

Hornblende Granite - Pinkish-gray- to medium-buff-weathering, pinkish-white or light-pinkish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, gneissoid to indistinctly foliated granite and sparse granite gneiss composed principally of microcline microperthite, quartz, oligoclase, and hornblende. Some phases are quartz syenite or quartz monzonite. Includes small bodies of pegmatite and amphibolite not shown on map. U-Pb age approximately 1,090 Ma (Drake and others, 1991b).

Lithology: granite; paragneiss; quartz syenite; quartz monzonite; pegmatite; amphibolite

Hornblende-Quartz-Feldspar Gneiss (Middle Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Hornblende-Quartz-Feldspar Gneiss - Pinkish-gray- to buff-weathering, light- pinkish-white to pinkish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, massive to moderately well layered gneiss containing microcline, quartz, oligoclase, hornblende, and magnetite. Locally contains garnet and biotite.

Lithology: paragneiss

Stockton Formation (Upper Triassic) at surface, covers 0.2 % of this area

Stockton Formation - Predominantly medium- to coarse-grained, light-gray, light-grayish-brown, or yellowish- to pinkish-gray arkosic sandstone and medium- to fine-grained, violet-gray to reddish-brown arkosic sandstone; with lesser, reddish to purplish-brown, silty mudstone, argillaceous siltstone, and shale. Some coarse-grained sandstone in lower part contains thick beds of conglomerate (Trsc) which have been mapped in the vicinity of Stockton. Sandstone, deposited in high-gradient stream channels, is mostly planar bedded with scoured bases containing pebble lags and mudstone rip-up clasts. Upper part of channel beds are burrowed. Large-scale trough crossbeds occur in some very coarse grained sandstone beds; smaller scale trough and climbing-ripple cross lamination occur in the upper part of channel sequences and in finer grained sandstone beds. Typical floodplain mudstones are irregularly thin bedded and extensively burrowed. Floodplain beds are thicker and more numerous in the central Newark basin, near the Delaware River. Thickness of the unit (including Trsc) near Stockton is about 1,240 m (4,068 ft).

Lithology: arkose; fine-grained mixed clastic; siltstone; shale