This report summarizes the assembly of pertinent data, determination of its limits, analysis of its properties, and the relations among the different data types in preparation for future modeling.

Chemical composition of sediments and soils are of interest because of the potential for human and wildlife health impacts from high metal contents due to over 100 years of mining activity.

Sampling procedures, analytical methodologies, and results to assess the potential for mine waste and drainage to have an adverse impact on aquatic ecosystems, on drinking- water supplies, and to human health

Geochemical data for unconsolidated sediments (stream sediments, lake sediments, etc.) collected in the US and analyzed by the USGS. These data were originally entered in the PLUTO database, which is now merged into the National Geochemistry Database.

National-scale geochemical analysis of stream sediments and soils in the US collected and analyzed under the National Uranium Resource Evaluation program.

Geochemical data for unconsolidated sediments (stream sediments, lake sediments, etc.) collected by USGS personnel and analyzed by USGS. These data were part of the Rock Analysis Storage System and are now merged into the National Geochemistry Database.

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of apatite provide trace element concentrations that support indicator mineral studies in this deposit. Data are provided in CSV format.

Tables containing locations and lead concentrations of 998 surface-sediment geochemical sample sites

Total mercury and methylmercury measured in sediments, tailings, and water in an area where historical gold mining has occurred; proposed habitat restoration work may release some of the mercury that is currently buried there.

Presents data and describes the methods used to determine the physical attributes, as well as the chemical and mineralogical composition of surficial deposits; groundwater levels; and water composition in this area.

Results from sequential extraction experiments and the quantitative mineralogy for samples of stream sediments and mine wastes collected from metal mines.

Analysis of stream sediments to assess the geochemistry, in particular the mercury and selenium contents, of mining-impacted sediments in the study area

Geochemical analysis of stream waters and sediments in mountainous areas immediately west of Denver, Colorado, to evaluate the concentration and distribution of uranium-bearing acid drainage originating from historical mines

Data collected to determine geologic background concentrations of trace metals in water and stream sediment, and to quantify the increase in dissolved constituents in streams attributable to historical mining activity in this area. Data are provided in CSV format.

Chemical data from stream water, groundwater, and soil samples collected in 2019 and 2020 in this area. Data from a tracer study is included as tool for understanding sources and loading rates of metals affecting stream water quality in a watershed affected by legacy mining and natural sulfide-weathering. Data are provided in CSV format.

A geochemical database for a regional subset of IOA ore and mine waste products, created because the apatite in these mineral deposits may also host rare earth elements. Data are provided in CSV format.

Geochemical analyses of rocks, mineral separates, bulk samples from lake and stream sediments, heavy mineral concentrates, and soils collected by USGS from 1962 to 2009.

Geochemical analysis of rock, sediment, soil, mineral, and heavy mineral concentrate samples in Alaska analyzed from 1938 through 2017. Includes best-value chemical element concentrations as well as mineralogical analysis. Data are provided in Microsoft Access and CSV formats.

The Alaska Geochemical Database Version 3.0 (AGDB3) contains new geochemical data compilations in which each geologic material sample has one “best value” determination for each analyzed species, greatly improving speed and efficiency of use. Like the

Geochemical analyses of rocks, mineral separates, bulk samples from lake and stream sediments, heavy mineral concentrates, and soils collected by USGS from 1962 to 2009.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) collected stream-sediment and soil samples in order to evaluate the geochemistry of the Humboldt River Basin.

Geochemical data from 2560 stream sediment samples collected in Puerto Rico, 421 soil samples collected on Isla de Vieques, and 35 soil samples were collected on Isla de Culebra, analyzed by semiquantitative spectrographic methods.

Analyses to establish the background and baseline geochemistry for bedrock and soil in the region, and to determine terrestrial mercury sources and sinks in the park

Geochemical analyses conducted as part of a larger study of the Midcontinent Rift in the Lake Superior region.

Chemical analysis of 47,478 samples of various geological materials to facilitate geologic mapping, petrologic studies, mineral resource assessment, and similar regional environmental assessements.

Geochemistry of soils and other regoliths collected and analyzed by Hans Shacklette and colleagues from 1958 until about 1976.

Geochemical data for more than 1,500 archived stream-sediment samples and accompanying quality control samples.

Report containing tables of geochemical data

Elemental concentration data for more than 1700 archived stream-sediment samples collected in Alaska.

Geochemical and radionuclide analyses of surface samples and cores taken near the outflow of this old uranium mine.

Details of materials and geologic environments in an area where a long history of mining has enriched stream sediments in silver, lead, zinc, arsenic, antimony and mercury, copper, cadmium, manganese, and iron.

Mean concentrations of 35 elements, ash yields, and pH have been estimated for samples of sils and other unconsolidated surficial materials from 266 collection locations throughout Alaska. These background values can be applied to studies of environmental

Data from field sampling of tailings, waste rock, sediment, and water at the mines, along with water, sediment, and biota in a pond and tributaries that drain from the mine area, to help assess the chemical hazards due to historic mining.

Images and text from a poster session (Geological Society of America Northeastern Section) showing methodology and results for an example

Data from seismic reflection and refraction, electromagnetic sounding, and resistivity profiling in a study area in Indiana. Exact location is not provided.

In this area of historical lead-zinc mining activity, studies such as this help to assess the possibility of human exposure to cadmium and lead through eating fish.

Geochemical data from the re-analysis of 44 rock samples collected between 1966 and 1970, and 107 sediment samples collected in 1966 and 1967 for a study investigating the mineral resources of this area. Data are provided in CSV format.

Data from a study intended to explore how well the chemical analysis of water and sediment in an area reflects that of the rock from which the sediments are eroded and through which the water flows.

Surficial geochemical methods used to identify subsurface mineral deposits covered by alluvium. Can a geophysical anomaly, interpreted as a buried granite pluton, be discerned from the geochemical characteristics of overlying Quaternary sediments?

Geochemical data for soils collected in the United States and analyzed by the USGS. The data were originally entered into the in-house PLUTO database. This is a subset of DDS-47.

Geochemical data for soils collected by USGS personnel and analyzed by the USGS. These data were originally entered into the Rock Analysis Storage System (RASS), a database that is now merged into the National Geochemistry Database.

Chemical analyses of water and sediment samples, images depicting resistivity.

Results of magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements and magnetic mineralogy of sediments sampled in three cores from the south basin of Great Salt Lake

Geochemical data generated during mineral and environmental assessments for the Bureau of Land Management in northern Nevada, northeastern California, southeastern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho.

Geochemical analysis of sediment samples from the National Geochemical Database. Primarily inorganic elemental concentrations, most samples are of stream sediment in the continental US and Alaska.

Location, type, mineralogy, name, tonnage and grade, and geological setting for 120 deposits of this type. The US has no active nickel mines or nickel reserves.

Location, type, mineralogy, name, tonnage and grade, and geological setting for 120 deposits of this type. The US has no active nickel mines or nickel reserves.

Geochemical data for stream water, sediments, and mine tailings in this area

Reanalysis of existing samples provides more precise and accurate geochemical data because newer methods can be used. Stable isotopes of lead were also included. Data are provided in Microsoft Access, CSV, and shapefile formats.

New analysis of existing samples from this area, to improve precision and accuracy and consistency of the measurements with those made on newly-collected samples. Data are provided in Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, CSV, and shapefile formats.

Reanalysis, using modern methods, of nearly 60,000 NURE-HSSR archived samples collected over parts of Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.

The site, on the Wind River Indian Reservation, has Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapahoe tribes concerned about groundwater and soil contamination. This effort studies geochemical soil variation and compares concentrations with levels established by EPA

Small regional scale geochemical mineral exploration results from field studies in Duncan Canal, Zarembo Island, and western Etolin Island.

Mine tailings here have high levels of arsenic. Experiments conducted on these sediments indicate that the arsenic can be released into the environment and become hazardous through chemical processes that occur when fine sediment is ingested by animals.

Detailed study of mine waste material and sediments from streams passing through it. Arsenic is the main contaminant of interest here.

Data from field sampling of mine tailings, wasterock, sediment, water, and biota at the mine in 2010. Results permit a preliminary assessment of the mining sources of Hg and associated chemicals that could produce elevated levels of monomethylmercury.

Weight percent of 15 mineral groups from 331 samples, geochemical analyses of 58 major and trace-element chemical species from 502 samples taken at 175 sites, along with data from geochemical reference standards and analyses of splits.

Geochemical analyses of solid mill tailings and other ore processing materials from worldwide localities, and leachates from those samples. Data are provided in CSV format.

New analyses of 1,075 previously collected stream sediment samples, measuring more elements with better precision. Includes arsenic, gold, palladium, and platinum and 55 major, rare earth, and trace element concentrations.

New data for 366 previously collected stream-sediment samples, because recently developed analytical methods can detect additional elements of interest and have lower detection limits than the methods used when these samples were originally analyzed.

This report is a compilation of water and sediment chemical data generated by the USGS study of indigenous, arsenic-sequestering microbial communities. A total of 9 synoptic sampling efforts conducted at specific sites are described.

Geochemical, x-ray diffraction mineralogical, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) data on rocks, soils, and sediments collected near porphyry copper deposits in this area. Data are provided in CSV format.

X-ray diffraction data on sediment core samples collected in this area to inform aquifer sediment composition, mineralogical composition of operationally defined size fractions, and geochemical modeling. Data are provided in CSV format.

Geochemical analyses of rock, sediment, soil, mineral, and heavy mineral concentrate samples in Alaska analyzed from 1962 through 2009, with best-value estimates.

Antimony’s leading use is as a fire retardant in safety equipment and in household goods such as mattresses. The U.S. Government has considered antimony to be a critical mineral mainly because of its use in military applications.

Estimates thickness of sand and gravel resources available in this broad area using geology, topography, land cover, and ground-water level.

Barite (barium sulfate, BaSO4) is vital to the oil and gas industry because it is a key constituent of the mud used to drill oil and gas wells. Elemental barium is an additive in optical glass, ceramic glazes, and other products.

Beryllium is a mineral commodity that is used in a variety of industries to make products that are essential for the smooth functioning of a modern society.

Multi-element geochemical analysis of host rock, ore, mine waste, flotation-mill tailings, slag, stream sediments, creek and adit waters, and leachates of mine waste and mill tailings.

Geophysical study of the sediment under a river intended to help assess the susceptibility of this material to scour and the erosion of levees adjacent to the river.

Preliminary information about the concentration, spatial distribution and mineral hosting of metals and other elements in solid materials at the Elizabeth copper mine after 50 years (or more) of weathering and oxidation.

Chemical analyses for 31 samples collected from various phosphate mine sites in southeastern Idaho (25), northern Utah (2), and western Wyoming (4)

This report examines potential sources of lanthanide elements [rare earth elements (REE)] with the objective of providing up-to-date geologic information regarding mineral commodities likely to have increased demand in the near term.

Cobalt is a silvery gray metal that has diverse uses due to its ferromagnetism, hardness and wear-resistance when alloyed with other metals, low thermal and electrical conductivity, high melting point, multiple valences, and color effects with silica.

A multidisciplinary mapping and data integration project focused on long-term resource planning by the mapping and characterization of exposed surface mineralogy, including that related to hydrothermal alteration and supergene weathering of pyritic rocks.

Samples of surficial materials analyzed for aluminum, barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc concentrations.

Geographic extent of sand and gravel deposits in this area as GIS data.

Best measured value for 68 elements in 175,856 samples were combined statewide. Data are provided in shapefile format.

Location and descriptive data for aggregate producers in New Mexico that are believed to have been active during the period 1997-1999.

Point features representing pit locations and attribution data captured from an atlas of map sheets and pit data sheets by the Arizona Highway Department

Flight-line data and gravity grids with documentation.

Spatial database that delineates mining-related features in areas of historic and active phosphate mining.

Multispectral remote sensing data acquired by Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor were analyzed using an automated technique to generate surficial mineralogy and vegetation maps of the conterminous western United States. Data are provided in ERDAS Imagine format.

Electron microprobe analyses of sphalerite and hemimorphite from sampled historical waste piles were conducted with a specific focus on germanium (Ge). Data are provided in CSV format.

Elemental concentrations for bulk and size-fractionated mine waste from sampled historical waste piles from this area. Data are provided in CSV format.

Results of mineral abundance estimates based on Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of mill tailings and other ore processing materials from worldwide localities. Data are provided in CSV format.

Sample locations and descriptions, with compositional analysis to constrain the natural background levels of fibrous amphiboles potentially derived from the nearby Rainy Creek Complex.

Fluorine compounds are essential in numerous chemical and manufacturing processes. Fluorspar is the commercial name for fluorite (isometric CaF2), which is the only fluorine mineral that is mined on a large scale.

Discusses the physical properties of frac sand, its geologic origin and formation contributing processes, its use in industry, consumption history and a global outlook. US / Canadian producers are detailed and potential other sources delineated in a GIS

Gallium is a soft, silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 31 and the chemical symbol Ga. Gallium is used in a wide variety of products that have microelectronic components containing either gallium arsenide (GaAs) or gallium nitride (GaN).

Interactive web site showing geochemical and mineralogical maps along with a histogram, boxplot, and empirical cumulative distribution function plot for each element or mineral whose data are provided in DS-801

Geochemical data for all solid sample media, along with mineralogical data, and results of weathering experiments on Valzinco tailings and field experiments on sediment accumulation in Knights Branch.

Systematic geochemical and mineralogical survey of soil horizons analyzed using a consistent set of methods, sample spacing 1 per 1,600 sq km.

Systematic geochemical and mineralogical survey of soil horizons analyzed using a consistent set of methods, sample spacing 1 per 1,600 sq km.

Geochemical and mineralogical maps along with a histogram, boxplot, and empirical cumulative distribution function plot for each element or mineral whose data are provided in DS-801

Between 2007 and 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a low-density (1 site per 1,600 square kilometers, 4,857 sites) geochemical and mineralogical survey of soils in the conterminous United States. The sampling protocol for the national-scale surve

An environmental impact study is done for the abandoned Ely copper mine. The extent of contamination is studyed along with the type and chemical composition of the mine waste piles.

Information about iron and steel slag samples in this area, including bulk chemistry, acid-base accounting, particle size analysis, synthetic precipitation leaching protocol results, and batch and column phosphate removal experiments. Data are provided in CSV format.

Major and trace element concentration data for 960 sites, providing a baseline for the natural variation in soil geochemistry in Colorado.

Analytical results for geochemical samples collected in 2007 from the Pebble deposit and surrounding environs

Chemical analysis of surface samples taken over a well known but concealed deposit to understand metal migration into the surface materials and to assess the power of surface sampling for detecting concealed deposits of this type.

Includes all geochemical data generated by each project partnership funded through Earth MRI and will be updated periodically as additional geochemical data from these projects becomes available.

Previously unpublished geochemical data from 1966-1984 projects to describe the geology, determine petrologic and geochemical characteristics and to evaluate the mineral resource potential of the primitive areas and of adjacent study areas. Data are provided in Microsoft Access, shapefile, and CSV formats.

Maps derived from a subset of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance data. Samples are from streams, lakes, ponds, springs, playas, and soils. Includes Na, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Ce, Hf, Pb, Th, and U.

This report presents chemical characteristics of transient unsaturated-zone water collected by lysimeter from the Manning Canyon repository site in Utah. Data collected by U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Manageme

Concentration, mineral hosts, and speciation of germanium in mine wastes from this site. Data are provided in CSV format.

The map updates a major geologic map of the Cook Inlet region published in 1976 incorporating new and additional mapping and interpretation. This map is also a revision of areas of overlap with the geologic map completed for central Alaska.

The region includes a significant part of one of the world’s largest accretionary complexes and a small part of the classic magmatic arc geology of the Alaska Peninsula. The map was compiled from existing mapping augmented by available new or revised data

Uninterpreted geophysical measurements and geochemical and mineralogical analytical data from samples collected during the summer field seasons from 2007 to 2010. Data are available in a single Geographic Information System (GIS) database.

Detailed bathymetry, lake-floor acoustic imaging, and sample characteristics to infer bottom sediment characteristics.

Germanium and indium are used in electronics devices, flat-panel display screens, light-emitting diodes, night vision devices, optical fiber, optical lens systems, and solar power arrays.

Grain size distribution, photographic, and associated chemical and mineral analysis data for 36 sediment core and alluvium samples as well as SEM analysis on select grains from magnetic and heavy mineral separates collected in this area. Data are provided in CSV and JPEG formats with microprobe analyses presented as PDF reports with TIFF images.

Steelmaking and refractory applications in metallurgy use the largest amount of produced graphite; however, emerging technology uses in large-scale fuel cell, battery, and lightweight high-strength composites promise more uses.

Phytostabilization reduces the mobility of inorganic contaminants by establishing or enhancing plant growth. For small, remote, or abandoned mines, phytostabilization may reduce potential environmental hazards, provided plants can establish and grow. We grew a widespread perennial grass in mining wastes with and without soil and microbial amendments to determine whether we could improve plant establishment and growth. Data are provided in CSV format.

Overview explaining how and why six different geochemical data sets were produced, and why you might choose to use the data in any one of these instead of the others.

Geochemical analysis of mine dumps, mill tailings, mine drainage, and surface waters indicate contamination from these historic mines is generally less than that asserted or suggested by some geochemical models

Major assessment of the environmental effects of historical mining in the Animas River watershed with GIS data files, tables, and plates.

Geological, geochemical, hydrologic, and biological observations combined with geographic framework data, supporting a multidisciplinary assessment of the impact of historic mining in this area.

Geochemical data from selected USGS projects from the 1960s-1980s that were previously not published as digital data. Includes geochemical analyses from 36,498 samples of various types using analytical methods and instruments that were current when those studies were carried out. Data are provided in Microsoft Access, shapefile, and CSV formats.

Results of a computational geospatial analysis (linear deconvolution) of thermal infrared emissivity imagery to determine the variation of mineralogical composition of aeolian deposits. Minerals include calcite, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, and quartz. Data are provided in GeoTiff format.

Approximately 400 young children have died and thousands more are affected. This study clarifies lead sources and exposure pathways, identifies other toxicants of concern and people at risk, and examines potential for similar lead poisoning globally.

Lithium, the lightest of all metals, is used in air treatment, batteries, ceramics, glass, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, and polymers.

Regional-scale geochemical survey designed to serve as a baseline for further analyses, and to understand effects of historical mining in the area.

Analyses of about 900 samples by ICP-MS, ICP-AES, and hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry. The samples collected in 2005 were also analyzed by a cold vapor-atomic absorption method for mercury.

Manganese is used to make steel, where it serves as a purifying agent in iron-ore refining and as an alloy.

Comparison of the locations reported for these mineral deposits with mapped geologic units likely to host them; information comes from three different source compilations.

This map covers the Eagle 1:250,000-scale quadrangle in the northeastern part of the Yukon-Tanana Upland in Alaska. It shows the extent of five major glacial advances, former glacial lakes, and present fragmented terrace deposits related to the advances.

Summary of data obtained from field sampling of mine tailings and waste rock and water and sediment in regional springs and tributaries that drain from the mine area into Bear Creek. Ground-water springs are also potential sources of mercury here.

Mineral abundances within bulk and size-fractionated mine waste from sampled historical waste piles from this area. Data are provided in CSV format.

Summary of geology and mineral resources of the state, both current and potential. Includes data drawn from existing inventories of mines and prospects, mining related features, and abandoned mine lands.

Geochemical and mineralogical measurements of 819 samples of heavy mineral concentrates. Data are provided in CSV format.

This report releases data for waters in which naturally occurring acid-rock drainage occurs but acid-mine drainage from historical mining continues to contribute dissolved metals further degrading preexisting water quality.

Oxidation state and bonding environment of Ge in minerals within mine waste from sampled historical waste piles from this area. Data are provided in CSV format.

Geochemistry of concentrates from the National Geochemical Database. Primarily inorganic elemental concentrations, most samples are from the continental US and Alaska.

Geochemical analysis of soil samples from the National Geochemical Database. Primarily inorganic elemental concentrations, most samples are from the continental US and Alaska.

National-scale geochemical analysis of stream sediments and soils in the US, from existing data, reanalysis of existing samples, and new sampling. Goal for sample density is one per 289 square km.

Geologic occurrence of potential sources of crushed stone and sand and gravel for use as natural aggregate. A summary of the natural aggregate industry is also included. Data are provided in Shapefile format.

Niobium and tantalum are found together in nature because they have similar physical and chemical properties. Niobium is used in high-strength steel alloys, while tantalum is used in electronic capacitors.

One hundred years of historical mining has resulted in substantial ongoing input of cadmium, lead, and zinc into the environment. This surficial-soil sampling and coring study provides information needed to support remediation efforts.

Analytical results for Pb-concentrations and isotopic ratios from about 150 samples of soil A horizon and about 145 samples of soil C horizon collected along a 4000-km east-west transect across the USA.

A collection of photographs of mine sites, mining operations, and tailings taken prior to 1980 at a variety of sites throughout Colorado and Utah.

The platinum-group elements (PGEs)—platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium—are metals that have similar physical and chemical properties and tend to occur together in nature. PGEs are indispensable to many industrial applications.

Results from sediment cores collected during 1997-1999 oxbow lakes and beaver ponds to assess impact of historic mining and exposed mineral deposits on the quality of the water and the aquatic and riparian habitats.

Explains the occurrence of rare earth elements in coal and coal fly ash, with notes on the potential for recovery of these elements as resources.

Because of their unusual physical and chemical properties, the REEs have diverse defense, energy, industrial, and military technology applications including glass, petroleum refining, automobiles, and magnets.

A geologic map constructed primarily from reconnaissance studies from the 1950s to 1990s. The rocks of the map area range from Proterozoic age metamorphic rocks of the Kanektok metamorphic complex to Quaternary age mafic volcanic rocks of Nunivak Island.

Rhenium is a rare metal that has an extremely high melting point and a heat-stable crystalline structure. It is used in high-temperature superalloys, to make turbine blades for jet aircraft engines and is a catalyst for petroleum refining.

Selenium is a trace element in Earth's crust. Modern uses for selenium include energy-efficient windows that limit heat transfer and thin-film photovoltaic cells that convert solar energy into electricity.

Geochemical and mineralogical analysis of uranium-bearing sandstone in order to help understand mineral deposits of this type.

Tellurium is a rare element obtained as a byproduct of mining for other commodities whose main uses are in photovoltaic solar cells and as an additive to copper, lead, and steel alloys in various types of machinery.

Data to determine the distribution of uranium deposits, breccia pipes, and collapse features and define areas permissible for uranium-bearing breccia pipes in northern Arizona and southeast Utah. Data are provided in shapefile format.

Tin (Sn) is one of the first metals to be used by humans. Almost without exception, tin is used as an alloy. Its major uses today are for cans and containers, construction materials, transportation materials, and solder.

Titanium colors paint, paper, plastic, rubber, and wallboard. Because of its strength and corrosion resistance, titanium metal and its alloys are used in the aerospace industry as well as for welding rod coatings, biological implants, and consumer goods.

Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) soundings were made in this area to map the location of a blue clay unit as well as suspected faults. Data are provided in CSV and shapefile formats.

Geochemical, geophysical, geological, and mineral resource data supporting an assessment of undiscovered tungsten skarn deposits in this area. Permissive tracts and other information derived from the analysis are provided in shapefile, CSV, and Esri file geodatabase formats.

Vanadium is used primarily in the production of steel alloys; as a catalyst for the chemical industry; in the making of ceramics, glasses, and pigments; and in vanadium redox-flow batteries (VRBs) for large-scale storage of electricity.

Laboratory reflectance and emissivity spectral measurements of dune sand samples collected from a variety of dune types and mineralogical compositions from eight dune field locations in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada and New Mexico. Data are provided in CSV format.

Investigates Cr and Ni geochemistry providing insight into the mobility and bioaccessibility of these toxic trace elements throughout northern California and perhaps the origin of elevated dissolved Cr(VI) concentrations in the western Sacramento Valley

Zirconium and hafnium are corrosion-resistant metals that are widely used in the chemical and nuclear industries. Most zirconium is consumed in the form of the main ore mineral zircon or as zirconium oxide or other zirconium chemicals.