Geologic units in Mono county, California

Additional scientific data in this geographic area

Mesozoic granitic rocks, unit 3 (Sierra Nevada, Death Valley area, Northern Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges) (Permian to Tertiary; most Mesozoic) at surface, covers 23 % of this area

Mesozoic granite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and quartz diorite

Quaternary alluvium and marine deposits (Pleistocene to Holocene) at surface, covers 20 % of this area

Alluvium, lake, playa, and terrace deposits; unconsolidated and semi-consolidated. Mostly nonmarine, but includes marine deposits near the coast.

Tertiary volcanic flow rocks, unit 17 (Cascade Range) (Tertiary (2-24 Ma)) at surface, covers 10 % of this area

Tertiary volcanic flow rocks; minor pyroclastic deposits.

Quaternary pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits, unit 2 (Long Valley Caldera) (Quaternary (0-1 Ma)) at surface, covers 10 % of this area

Quaternary pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits.

Tertiary volcanic flow rocks, unit 18 (San Joaquin-Kings Canyon) (Tertiary (3-4 Ma)) at surface, covers 7 % of this area

Tertiary volcanic flow rocks; minor pyroclastic deposits.

Quaternary glacial deposits (Pleistocene) at surface, covers 6 % of this area

Glacial till and moraines. Found at high elevations mostly in the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains.

Tertiary pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits, unit 9 (Cascade Range) (Tertiary (2-24 Ma)) at surface, covers 4 % of this area

Tertiary pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits.

Quaternary volcanic flow rocks, unit 2 (Long Valley Caldera) (Quaternary) at surface, covers 4 % of this area

Quaternary volcanic flow rocks; minor pyroclastic deposits; in part Pliocene and Miocene.

Mesozoic volcanic rocks, unit 3 (Mojave Desert, Death Valley area, and Eastern Sierra Nevada) (Triassic to Cretaceous) at surface, covers 3 % of this area

Undivided Mesozoic volcanic and metavolcanic rocks. Andesite and rhyolite flow rocks, greenstone, volcanic breccia and other pyroclastic rocks; in part strongly metamorphosed. Includes volcanic rocks of Franciscan Complex: basaltic pillow lava, diabase, greenstone, and minor pyroclastic rocks.

Recent (Holocene) pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits, unit 2 (Mono Craters) (Holocene) at surface, covers 3 % of this area

Recent (Holocene) pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits; in part Pleistocene.

Cambrian marine rocks (Late Proterozoic to Middle Devonian) at surface, covers 2 % of this area

Sandstone, shale, limestone, dolomite, chert, quartzite, and phyllite; includes some rocks that are possibly Precambrian

Recent (Holocene) volcanic flow rocks, unit 2 (Mono Craters) (Holocene) at surface, covers 1 % of this area

Recent (Holocene) volcanic flow rocks; minor pyroclastic deposits; in part Pleistocene.

Silurian and/or Ordovician marine rocks, unit 2 (Bishop) (Late Cambrian(?) to Early Permian(?)) at surface, covers 1 % of this area

Sandstone, shale, conglomerate, chert, slate, quartzite, hornfels, marble, dolomite, phyllite; some greenstone

Quaternary volcanic flow rocks, unit 6 (Sierra Nevada) (Quaternary) at surface, covers 1 % of this area

Quaternary volcanic flow rocks; minor pyroclastic deposits; in part Pliocene and Miocene.

Jurassic marine rocks, unit 6 (Mono Lake) (Ordovician(?) to Triassic(?)) at surface, covers 1 % of this area

Shale, sandstone, minor conglomerate, chert, slate, limestone; minor pyroclastic rocks

Cretaceous marine rocks (in part nonmarine), unit 2 (West Walker River) (Triassic(?) and/or Jurassic(?)) at surface, covers 0.8 % of this area

Undivided Cretaceous sandstone, shale, and conglomerate; minor nonmarine rocks in Peninsular Ranges

Precambrian rocks, undivided, unit 1 (Death Valley) (Early Proterozoic to Mesozoic) at surface, covers 0.8 % of this area

Conglomerate, shale, sandstone, limestone, dolomite, marble, gneiss, hornfels, and quartzite; may be Paleozoic in part

Paleozoic marine rocks, undivided, unit 3 (Eastern Sierra Nevada) (Late Proterozoic(?) to Mesozoic(?)) at surface, covers 0.8 % of this area

Undivided Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. Includes slate, sandstone, shale, chert, conglomerate, limestone, dolomite, marble, phyllite, schist, hornfels, and quartzite

pre-Cenozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks undivided (Early Proterozoic to Cretaceous) at surface, covers 0.5 % of this area

Undivided pre-Cenozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of great variety. Mostly slate, quartzite, hornfels, chert, phyllite, mylonite, schist, gneiss, and minor marble.

Carboniferous marine rocks, unit 8 (Mono Lake) (Ordovician to Devonian) at surface, covers 0.5 % of this area

Shale, sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, dolomite, chert, hornfels, marble, quartzite; in part pyroclastic rocks

Plio-Pleistocene and Pliocene loosely consolidated deposits (Miocene to Pleistocene) at surface, covers 0.5 % of this area

Pliocene and/or Pleistocene sandstone, shale, and gravel deposits; in part Miocene.

pre-Cenozoic granitic and metamorphic rocks undivided (Early Proterozoic to Late Cretaceous) at surface, covers 0.4 % of this area

Granitic and metamorphic rocks, mostly gneiss and other metamorphic rocks injected by granitic rocks. Mesozoic to Precambrian.

Tertiary pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits, unit 8 (Northern Mojave Desert) (Tertiary (4-22 Ma)) at surface, covers 0.3 % of this area

Tertiary pyroclastic and volcanic mudflow deposits.

Carboniferous marine rocks, unit 7 (Bishop) (Mississippian to Early Permian) at surface, covers 0.3 % of this area

Shale, sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, dolomite, chert, hornfels, marble, quartzite; in part pyroclastic rocks

Paleozoic metavolcanic rocks, unit 5 (Mono Lake) (Triassic to Jurassic) at surface, covers 0.2 % of this area

Undivided Paleozoic metavolcanic rocks. Mostly flows, breccia and tuff, including greenstone, diabase, and pillow lavas; minor interbedded sedimentary rocks

Undivided pre-Cenozoic metavolcanic rocks, unit 2 (undivided) (Paleozoic(?) to Mesozoic(?)) at surface, covers 0.2 % of this area

Undivided pre-Cenozoic metavolcanic rocks. Includes latite, dacite, tuff, and greenstone; commonly schistose.

Mesozoic gabbroic rocks, unit 2 (undivided) (Triassic to Cretaceous) at surface, covers 0.2 % of this area

Gabbro and dark dioritic rocks; chiefly Mesozoic

Permian marine sedimentary rocks, unit 1 (Death Valley and Mojave Desert) (Pennsylvanian to Triassic) at surface, covers 0.2 % of this area

Shale, conglomerate, limestone and dolomite, sandstone, slate, hornfels, quartzite; minor pyroclastic rocks

Tertiary intrusive rocks (hypabyssal), unit 1 (Cascades Volcanic Field) (Tertiary) at surface, covers 0.1 % of this area

Tertiary intrusive rocks; mostly shallow (hypabyssal) plugs and dikes. Includes some Mesozoic rocks.

Triassic marine rocks, unit 7 (Mono Lake) (Paleozoic or Mesozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Shale, conglomerate, limestone and dolomite, sandstone, slate, hornfels, quartzite; minor pyroclastic rocks

Triassic marine rocks, unit 4 (West Walker River) (Triassic(?)) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Shale, conglomerate, limestone and dolomite, sandstone, slate, hornfels, quartzite; minor pyroclastic rocks

Schist of various types and ages, unit 11 (Benton Range) (Late Proterozoic(?) to Paleozoic(?)) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Schists of various types; mostly Paleozoic or Mesozoic age; some Precambrian.

Younger andesite and intermediate flows and breccias (Miocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Includes some rocks mapped as the Kate Peak and Alta Formations on the Washoe South map; Wahmonie and Salyer Formations on the Nye South map; Gilbert Andesite on the Esmeralda map; pyroxene, hornblende phenoandesite, and phenodacite on the Elko map; and other unnamed units. It corresponds to the unit Ta3 on the 1978 State map. It is present everywhere except Eureka and White Pine Counties.

Alluvium, undifferentiated (Holocene and Pleistocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Unit is present in all counties. Some counties divided the alluvium into younger and older units, and some did not. For those that did not, or used other generalized terms for Quaternary rocks, the unit Qal has been used for the general undivided alluvium. Additionally, when polygons have been edited and changed to alluvium, Qal was used as the general value; hence it now is present in all counties. Qya-Younger alluvium: Map unit is used in Churchill, Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, and Lincoln Counties where geologic information suggests better-defined younger versus older alluvium. It is mostly interchangeable with Qal, except that it implies some specifically younger Quaternary deposits.

Felsic phaneritic intrusive rocks (Cretaceous) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Granodiorite, granite, and related rocks make up the largest group of granitic intrusions exposed in Nevada. They are present in every county, and are especially abundant in west-central Nevada in an arcuate belt along the border with California extending north and eastward towards Idaho.

Felsic phaneritic intrusive rocks (Miocene (?) to Jurassic (?)) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Poorly dated felsic intrusions described as granitic rocks, granite porphyry, granodiorite, quartz monzonite, and many undivided plutonic rocks are included here. They crop out in every county except Elko and northern Washoe.

Andesite flows and breccias (Holocene to Pliocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Present in southern Washoe, Esmeralda, Lyon, Douglas, Carson, Mineral, and Lander Counties. It corresponds to unit QTa on the 1978 State map.

Basalt flows (Holocene to Pliocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Olivine basalt and basaltic and andesitic rocks. This unit is present in Clark, Elko, Mineral, Esmeralda, Humboldt, Lincoln, Lyon, Douglas, Carson, Nye, Washoe, and Lander Counties. It corresponds to the 1978 State map unit QTb.

Walker Lake Terrane - Pine Nut assemblage - Volcanogenic, carbonate, and clastic rocks (Middle (?) Jurassic to Middle Triassic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

This assemblage is composed of Upper Triassic basinal-marine volcanic and carbonate rocks overlain by Lower Jurassic fine-grained, marine siliciclastic and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, and by partly nonmarine sandstone, coarse clastic rocks, and volcanic rocks of late Early Jurassic and possibly younger age. This assemblage has stratigraphic similarities to the Luning-Berlin and Pamlico-Lodi assemblages, but shares only part of their late Mesozoic structural history, and is separated from them by the linear trace of the northwesterly trending Pine Nut fault (Oldow, 1984a; Silberling, Jones, and others, 1992). Structurally, the rocks are involved in only a single phase of tight to isoclinal folds with north-northwest striking axial planes, and no major internal thrust faults are known (Oldow, 1984a). The Pine Nut assemblage crops out in southern Washoe, Lyon, Douglas, Carson, and Mineral Counties, and includes rocks originally mapped as the Excelsior Formation, the Peavine sequence, and other metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks.

Playa, lake bed, and flood plain deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Map unit used in all counties for recent lake beds, playas, and flood plains. Polygons from the 1978 State map unit Qp were added where no playa was shown on the county maps.

Older felsic phaneritic intrusive rocks (Jurassic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Concentrated in two areas of the State; common in the west-central part of the State along the California border in Mineral, Esmeralda, Lyon, Douglas, and Carson Counties. There is another more widely scattered group in eastern and central Nevada in Elko, Eureka, and White Pine Counties. Scattered occurrences also are present in Humboldt, Churchill, Lander, and Pershing Counties. Compositions are mainly granitic, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite.

Quartzite, siltstone, conglomerate, limestone, and dolomite (Late Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Limestone, quartzite, dolomite, siltstone, conglomerate, and metamorphic rocks crop out in the southeastern, east-central, and northeastern regions of the State as part of Zqs. It forms the Proterozoic base of the continental margin stratigraphic section. This unit includes the Johnnie Formation in southern Nye and Lincoln Counties, schist in Elko County, the McCoy Creek Group metamorphic rocks in Elko and White Pine Counties, and the Wyman Formation in Esmeralda and southern Nye Counties. This rock is overlain by CZq. Its base is not exposed.

Older gravels (Pleistocene and Pliocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Unit is used for pre-Lake Lahontan deposits, weakly consolidated gravel and sand, older gravels, pediment gravels, and gravel deposits. It includes all units designated as QToa on the 1978 State map. This unit is used in all counties.

Younger rhyolitic flows and shallow intrusive rocks (Miocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Rhyolitic flows, domes, plugs, breccias, quartz latite, rhyodacite, quartz porphyry dikes, and other shallow intrusive rocks. This unit includes rocks mapped as the Cañon Rhyolite on the Washoe North map, the Jarbidge Rhyolite and phenorhyolitic and phenodacitic flows and domes on the Elko County map, and other unnamed units. It has a distribution similar to Tt3, with exposures in the northern and southern parts of the State, but only crops out in a few places in the central region. It corresponds to unit Tr3 on the 1978 State map, and also includes a few rocks mapped as Trt on the 1978 State map. This unit is exposed in every county except White Pine.

Glacial moraines (Holocene and Pleistocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Sediments are present in southern Washoe, northern Nye, Esmeralda, Elko, Humboldt, White Pine, and Lander Counties in high mountain ranges.

Crossbedded quartzite, siltstone, and phyllite (Lower Cambrian and latest Proterozoic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

These lowermost Cambrian to Precambrian strata are scattered over much of central and eastern Nevada and form the base of the Phanerozoic part of the continental margin stratigraphic section. They include the Campito, Deep Spring, Harkless, and Poleta Formations, and the Reed Dolomite in Esmeralda County; the Gold Hill Formation in northern Nye County; unnamed quartzite and shale in White Pine County; the Osgood Mountain quartzite in Humboldt County; the Prospect Mountain Quartzite in northern Nye, Lincoln, Eureka, and Elko Counties; unnamed quartzite and shale in Lander and Clark counties; and the Stirling Quartzite, Wood Canyon Formation, and Zabriskie Quartzite in southern Nye County. In a number of places, these rocks are depositional on Late Proterozoic unit Zqs. In southernmost Clark County, CZq is lying unconformably directly on Early Proterozoic gneiss (Xm). In the east-central part of Nevada, CZq is overlain depositionally by Cambrian carbonate (Cc) of the Carbonate shelf sequence. In the Nolan belt, these rocks are depositionally overlain by unit Ctd. In the Osgood Mountains in Humboldt County, Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks of the Siliciclastic overlap assemblage (PIPacl, Pacl) rest unconformably directly on the Osgood Mountain Quartzite.

Landslide deposits, colluvium, and talus (Holocene to Pliocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Unit is mixed on the Washoe North map with basalt, tuff, diatomite, and tuffaceous sediments. It includes the units mapped as Qls from the 1978 State map. It is present in Churchill, Washoe, Nye, Esmeralda, Elko, Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, Lincoln, Mineral, and Pershing Counties.

Younger silicic ash flow tuffs (Miocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Includes units mapped as the High Rock sequence on the Washoe North map; the Timber Mountain, Paintbrush, Crater Flat, and Belted Range Tuffs, and Indian Trail Formation (now abandoned) on the Nye South map; the Thirsty Canyon Tuff on the Nye South and Esmeralda maps; and other unnamed units. Locally it includes tuffaceous sedimentary rocks interstratified with tuffs. It is present in the northernmost part and southernmost parts of the State, and is not exposed in the central region. It corresponds to unit Tt3 on the 1978 State map, although a few rocks also mapped as Trt on the 1978 State map also are included. It is present in Clark, Churchill, Washoe, Nye, Lincoln, Lyon, Douglas, Carson, Esmeralda, Elko, Humboldt, Pershing, and Mineral Counties.

Tuffaceous limestone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate (Holocene to Pliocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Present in Esmeralda, Elko, Mineral, Lyon, Douglas, Carson, and Eureka Counties and corresponds to unit QTs on the 1978 State map.

Younger tuffaceous sedimentary rocks (Pliocene and Miocene) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

Tuffaceous and other young Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Most of these rocks are sedimentary with a strong volcanic component - a few are tuffaceous with a strong sedimentary component. This unit includes rocks originally mapped as the High Rock sequence in Washoe County; the Horse Camp Formation in northern Nye County; the Esmeralda Formation in Mineral and Esmeralda Counties; older lake beds in Lincoln County; the Belted Range Tuff; the Indian Trail Formation (now abandoned); Timber Mountain, Paintbrush, and Crater Flat Tuffs; Wahmonie and Salyer Formations in southern Nye County; the Siebert Tuff in Esmeralda County; the Muddy Creek Formation in Clark County; and the Thousand Creek and Virgin Valley “beds” in Humboldt County; and other unnamed units. It corresponds to units Ts3 and Tts from the 1978 State map. It is present in all counties.

Gold Range Assemblage - Terrigenous clastic and volcanogenic rocks (Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic) at surface, covers < 0.1 % of this area

The Gold Range assemblage consists of mainly nonmarine, terrigenous clastic, and volcanogenic rocks of probable Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic ages, and local volcanic rocks having younger Mesozoic radiometric ages (Silberling, 1991). It is lying with angular unconformity over Permian rocks included in the Golconda terrane (GC). The oldest rocks are interbedded, subaerial and shallow-marine terrigenous clastic, volcaniclastic, and minor carbonate rocks overlain by shelf carbonates containing Early Jurassic pelecypods. Unfossiliferous quartz arenite and coarse clastic rocks disconformably overlie the shelf carbonate and grade upward into poorly sorted volcanogenic sandstone and coarse clastic rocks (Oldow, 1984a; Oldow and Bartel, 1987). The assemblage is deformed by northeast-trending folds associated with the overlying Luning thrust as well as younger northwest-trending folds (Oldow, 1984a). Archbold and Paul (1970) named these rocks the Gold Range Formation. They were originally mapped as the Luning Formation and in a few cases, the Excelsior Formation by early workers (Archbold and Paul, 1970, p. 6). Speed (1977a) later modified the definition of the Gold Range Formation. Oldow (1981) included some of these rocks in the Water Canyon assemblage. These rocks were included with the Paradise terrane (Silberling, Jones, and others, 1987; Silberling, Jones, and others, 1992), but have been separated here in agreement with Silberling (1991). Silberling (1991) used “Gold Range terrane” to include the unconformably underlying Permian rocks of the Mina Formation. Since the basement rocks are here included with the Golconda terrane, the term “Gold Range assemblage” is used only for the Mesozoic rocks unconformably overlying the Permian basement. The Gold Range assemblage is in the same tectonostratigraphic position as the Humboldt assemblage - both are overlying rocks of the Golconda terrane with a strong angular unconformity. While these assemblages are similar in overall age, they have different stratigraphic sequences and thus paleogeographic settings. The exact stratigraphy of the Gold Range assemblage and whether or not it includes younger Cretaceous volcanic rocks (Silberling, Jones, and others, 1987; Stewart, 1980) is not clear. This assemblage crops out in Esmeralda, Mineral, and northern Nye Counties.